Although ESCs and iPSCs are viewed as functionally equivalent (10), because reprogramming intentionally disrupts a number of stable genomic and epigenomic networks, greater caution is advised when applying the latter to clinical use (11).
#Induced pluripotent stem cells review skin
On the other hand, iPSCs can be acquired by reprogramming somatic cells, including those easily accessible and less controversial such as blood and skin cells. However, the creation of ESCs requires the destruction of embryos, which has stirred controversy and inconsistent policies that have discouraged ESC research (9). Thus, they could theoretically provide unlimited numbers of any cell type desired. First is their indefinite capacity to proliferate, and second is their capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the body. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as iPSCs and ESCs, have two attractive qualities for the study of organismal development and medical therapies. Both represent the pluripotent stage of embryogenesis and have the capacity to differentiate into all germ layers, providing an in vitro model for scientists to study development. IPSCs are functionally equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (6), (7), (8). The reprogrammed cells were named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ( Figure 1). Following these initial reports, the number of species that have had their cells reprogrammed to the pluripotent state using OSKM has confirmed that the reprogramming mechanism is universal (5). Further, we showed that the same approach works in human fibroblasts (4). It took nearly another fifty years for scientists to reprogram cells to their embryonic state in vitro we showed that the pluripotent network could be activated in mouse fibroblasts by exogenously expressing four transcription factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) (3). They also suggested that cells can be reversed to an embryonic state. These experiments suggested that the genome is preserved and that epigenetics determine cell identity. John Gurdon challenged this consensus with his famous tadpole experiments, which demonstrated that the genome of a somatic cell contains all the necessary genetic information to create a fully functional living being (2). Genetic information unnecessary for the new cell identity and new function would be erased. Historically, it was believed that the cell genome changes with development (1).
Thus, cell stability, or the preservation of cell identity, is fundamental for a functioning organism. Each one carries a specific function, and deviation from this function can cause disease.
It is estimated that the human body consists of trillions of cells. Key words: cell reprogramming, drug discovery, induced pluripotent stem cells, regenerative medicine In this review, we consider medical accomplishments based on iPSC research and future ones that can be anticipated.
The combination of iPSCs with other technologies or therapeutic strategies is expected to expand their medical benefits. Because of their proliferation and differentiation capacity, iPSCs can also be used to prepare cells for transplantations, and related clinical studies using iPSC-based cell therapies are ongoing. Indeed, clinical studies on compounds based on drug screening hits in human iPSC disease models have begun. These models have provided new insights on the pathogenesis and new targets to prevent or reverse the disease development process. In addition, because they can be prepared from patients, iPSCs offer a unique human model for studying disease development, including many diseases that are generally diagnosed at a late stage of their development.
They also act as a human model for understanding the development of every cell and organ in the body. From a scientific perspective, their discovery has provided a molecular roadmap for turning on and off cell identities, effectively allowing any cell type to have its identity changed into any other cell type. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) describe somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to the pluripotent state.
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